Read three published scientific papers (of varying quality) and write a short report for each of them. Successful completion of this paper is compulsory to do the rest of the assignments. GOD BLESS ..

Some TIPS in writing a short report/review/reflections

Provide a concise summary of the paper. (courtesy of TED M ....tnx)
Evaluate the paper by way of assessment, identifying positive and negative sides, unclear points etc., regarding substance, presentation, formats, figures, etc)
Keep to the point at issue, and have a respectful and constructive attitude
The review must be performed in a friendly atmosphere and with a humble mind

1)Can Cryptography Prevent Computer Viruses?
 
John F. Morar, David M. Chess
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Hawthorne, NY, USA
morar@us.ibm.com, chess@us.ibm.com


Report:

The paper discussed about the advantages and disadvantages of cryptography in protection against viruses and other malicious programs. How can virus use encryption itself to spread faster with more protection and the ways encryption could be very helpful. They have defined in the paper the different modes used in cryptography, how it can be very useful and useless in some cases.


After reading the paper, I could say that although virus can protect itself by using encryption without a decryption key to make it hard for every anti-virus, cryptography has a far more purpose to protect the computer industry or even the entire world. People would just have to be more careful in using some encryption methods to protect their systems. It is agreeable and scary at the same time why can encryption/cryptography be used in computer crimes. I have always seen ‘cryptography’ as very cool method invented since it can really keep or protect a data so good. The case of this kind of problem discussed in the paper is very relative to the book I’ve read by Dan Brown,” Digital Fortress”. The book was also about encryption/program being used in terrorizing the secret division of the US government. There’s a lot more interesting issues mentioned in the book on how amazing encryption could protect or jeopardize ones privacy or how it can either make or break a country.


2)Testing Time for Trojans
Ian Whalley
IBM TJ Watson Research Center, PO Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA


Report:

The research paper was about investigating Trojan attacks, its definition, how it functions and effects and how can it be detected or defined as a real Trojan other than a virus, bug or malware. The paper has studied on areas that are most vulnerable to Trojan attacks. The paper also discussed the crimes that could be very widespread if not prevented. The consumers and vendors affected have found time to extensively get rid of Trojan infections. The author of the research paper has arrived to a conclusion that the interest of getting rid of Trojan attacks seem to be decreasing but with the tests done and cited in the paper, anti-Trojan testing can be improved with enhanced test methods.

I found the research paper very useful and informative. The author has really shown a big concern for the computer industry and for the lot in becoming aware on the Trojan attacks that is really widespread nowadays since the boom of internet and ‘individual-causing-virus’. Although I agree to the author when he said that being so alarmed with the Trojan attacks could eventually diminish in the neat future since developments of modern programming languages, that are capable of countering virus or other malicious programs, are ongoing. The information could be of help to simple users/consumer like me that is just concern on how to protect their selves as anyone else. I have learned from the paper some tips to determine a very good anti-virus software, but I also agree in some part of the paper that it is also really hard to determine which of the ‘thing’ has infected your computer or system, resulting to difficulty of eradicating it.





3) Technologically Enabled Crime: Shifting Paradigms for the Year 2000
By Sarah Gordon
E-mail:sgordon@low-level.format.com
Report:

The paper talked about how systems can destroy themselves, the social aspects included in the technological crime epidemic and the appropriate solutions to each crisis. The author has discussed in his paper on how fast virus or malicious programs or hacking tools travel and that the participation of humans plays a big role in its multiplicity since the humans are capable of developing such destructive tools.

I completely agree with the author that the humans are the ones responsible for destroying the system they themselves created. It just really true that we are so capable of building and destroying the world we live in at the same time. It is so scary how the minds of the individuals work nowadays because each action could really make a big effect to everyone of us and that would be either very good or very destructive. I don’t think that the development of more anti virus or counter attacks for computer crimes can STOP them completely. I think that the thoughts of the people should be the first one to be developed especially to those geniuses that are using their talents in a bad way. Technology can bring us to the most convenient spot we could ever have but it could also bring us to the worst hit it could give.

Organic Light Emitting Device Use in Garments and Furniture




References:

InfoNIAC
New Electronic Display to Be Used on Clothes and Beer Cans
http://www.infoniac.com/science/oled.html

PHYSORG
High efficiency flat light source invented
http://www.physorg.com/news64068597.html

Royal Philips
Philips illuminates IFA 2006 with production-ready Lumalive textile garments
http://www.research.philips.com/newscenter/archive/2006/060901-lumalive.html

GE Global Research
Organic light emitting diodes
http://www.ge.com/research/grc_2_9_1.html

---------------------------------------------
Ddigital Pathology Scanner of Omnyx





Reference:

GE Global Research
Molecular Imaging and Diagnostics
http://www.ge.com/research/grc_2_10_1.html

From the lab to a new business
by Michael Montalto
http://www.grcblog.com/?cat=9

-----------------------------
Sege Toys: Robotic Girlfriend



Reference:

CrunchGear
New Kissing robot from Japan
http://www.crunchgear.com/2008/06/12/new-kissing-robot-from-japan/

InfoNIAC
The Japanese Create Robotic Girlfriend
http://www.infoniac.com/hi-tech/the-japanese-create-robotic-girlfriend.html

I. An Undetectable Computer Virus




REFERENCE:

www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/VB2000DC.htm

II. Testing Time For Trojan



REFERENCE:

References
1.Sarah Gordon and David M Chess, Where there’s smoke there’s mirrors: The truth about Trojan horses on the Internet, Proceedings of the Eighth International Virus Bulletin Conference, pp 183-204, October 1998,
<http://www.av.ibm.com/InsideTheLab/Bookshelf/ScientificPapers/Gordon/Trojan/Trojan.html>.

2.Sarah Gordon and David M Chess, Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet, Proceedings of the EICAR Conference, February/March 1999.

III. Breakthroughs in Technology



REFERENCE:

http://www.innovatorsoftechnology.com/

Haptic Guidance Improves the Visou-Manual Tracking of Trajectories

The proponents of this study found out that “the addition of haptic information, probably encoded in force coordinates, plays a crucial role on the visou-manual tracking of new trajectories” [1].

The achievement in performing new movements is learned through visual demonstrations. The proponents’ evaluated three training techniques of haptic guidance, the HGP (Haptic Guidance in Position), HGF (Haptic Guidance in Force, and NHG (without Haptic Guidance). They conducted an assessment in the dynamic time warping (shape matching), number of velocity peaks, and mean velocity before and after the training session to examine if there is an improvement in the performance.

Using the PHANToM™ Omni device (Sensible Technology) which serves as a pen and a simple flat screen, as a paper they performed their two experiments where experiment 1 consist of two Arabic and two Japanese-inspired letters while experiment 2 consist of ellipses. And thus gave them a result that HGF improves the fluency of the visou-manual tracking of trajectories while there is no significant improvement was found for HGP/NHG.

Citations:
1. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001775



Antibiotic Innovation May Contribute to Slowing the Dissemination of Multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Example of Ketolides

Ketolides, as defined in Wikipedia, are antibiotics belonging to the macrolide group. Ketolides are derived from erythromycin by substituting the cladinose sugar with a keto-group and attaching a cyclic carbamate group in the lactone ring [3]. In addition, it constitutes one of the very few new antibiotic classes active against Streptococcus pneumoniae developed during the last 25 years. Their mechanism of action resembles that of macrolides, but they are unaffected by common resistance mechanisms [2]. Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. It is also called as pneumococcus, which usually causes lobar pneumonia attacking an entire lobe or portion of a lobe of the lung [1].

In this study the proponents’ objective is to assess the potential dissemination of newly emerged resistance and to control the selection of strains that already multiresistant to existing antimicrobials. By taking an account to 3 different classes (P: penicillin, M: macrolides and K: ketolides), and PCV7. In their experiment, the population was divided into groups according to their age, vaccination status, colonization and antibiotic exposure.

The results of the study could foretell that “in a population with widespread use of PCV7 and rational use of antibiotics, antibiotic innovation that are prescribed to all age groups could have an added impact on multiresistance rates. The more the new drug is prescribed, the slower the multiresistance would diffuse however, the more this new drug is used the faster new mutliresistant pneumococcal strains would be selected” [2].

Citations:
1. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576059/Pneumonia.html#p14
2. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002089
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketolides



Global Considerations in Hierarchical Clustering Reveal Meaningful Patterns in Data

“Clustering is a common unsupervised machine learning procedure, often used for preprocessing, and usually provides a general overview, especially when dealing with large databases. It is classified as non-hierarchical (partitioning) or hierarchical. Hierarchy is a tree-like relationship and is a natural method of organizing data in various domains” [1].

In this study the proponents’ objective is to examine the advantages of involving global approaches in clustering and demonstrates that they can generate meaningful results near the top of the hierarchy. Using three assessment methods were used to find these advantages; node score, level score, and tree score. The methods used will assess the advantages of different algorithms, TDQC (Top-down Quantum Clustering), BU (Bottom-up), TU (Top-down), and Glocal (Global-local).

The proponents’ find out that “although currently rarely used, global approches, in particular, TD or Glocal algorithms, should be considered in the exploratory process of clustering. In general, applying unsupervised clustering methods can leverage the quality of manually-created mapping proteins families. And that it can also provide insights in erroneous and missed annotations” [1].

Citations:
1. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002247

reflection no. 1

MobEyes: Smart Mobs for Urban Monitoring with a Vehicular Sensor Network



reference:
"MobEyes: Smart Mobs for Urban Monitoring with a Vehicular Sensor Network"
Uichin Lee†, Eugenio Magistretti*, Biao Zhou†, Mario Gerla†, Paolo Bellavista*, Antonio Corradi*
†Department of Computer Science _Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informatica e Sistemistica
University of California University of Bologna
Los Angeles, CA 90095 Bologna, Italy 40136
{uclee,zhb,gerla}@cs.ucla.edu, {emagistretti,pbellavista,acorradi}@deis.unibo.it

view: http://h1.ripway.com/darkwingirl/mobeyes.pdf


reflection no.2

Studying and Treating Schizophrenia Using Virtual Reality: A New Paradigm



reference:

"Studying and Treating Schizophrenia Using Virtual Reality: A New Paradigm"
Daniel Freeman
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College
London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published March 28, 2008
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn020

view: http://h1.ripway.com/darkwingirl/VRfoschizophrenia.pdf

reflection no.3

Robust Object Recognition with Cortex-Like Mechanisms



reference:

"Robust Object Recognition with Cortex-Like Mechanisms"
Thomas Serre, Lior Wolf, Stanley Bileschi, Maximilian Riesenhuber, and Tomaso Poggio, Member, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 29, NO. 3, MARCH 2007.

view: http://h1.ripway.com/darkwingirl/robustobjectrecognition.pdf

Report 1:


As what I have learned or understood, a virus is any kind of file that has an ultimate goal, this goal is to infect all types of file that are being read by a virus or computer virus. Knowing this type of goal of the viruses, several experts have of course studied and occasionally proposed also solutions in order to prevent this kind of treats that people in this world are encountering with the so called disturbing computer viruses especially that really affects the state of the computer system. In line with this aspect, they proposed and develop a kind of technique that will sort of prevent the computer viruses from continuing this kind of job, and them what we call it as “cryptography”. This cryptography technique requires or provides an encryption key and a decryption key. The encryption key is used in order that a sample file will change its original contents, and decrypt that do will do the vise versa, so that there are so called the security especially to the files, and of course to the systems that will really help the computers against computer viruses and to some related bad threats. Since a system can only be infected if so computer viruses tend to read all the files that he can be capable of accessing through it. So without knowing the encrypted key or the decrypted key, either, this will cause to virus to those files to not work, isn’t it? And with the reason for that either a virus analyst must have a very well or shall I say have a perfect cryptographic algorithm that will also fight against computer viruses, perhaps it must have also a “perfect design, architecture, coding and user interface “as said by Bruce Schneier. With all of that these facts, these will really require great study or analysis to be developed by several virus analysts in order that these kind of encryption algorithm will perfectly be great help for providing the security against accesses of computer viruses as well as threats. And therefore I concluded that cryptography plays a significant task in computer industry especially with regards to secured in togetherness against viruses and against general emerging up-and-coming threats.

References:
[1] Bruce Schneier, "Why Cryptography is Harder Than it Looks", on the Web at "http://www.counterpane.com/whycrypto.html".





Report 2:

Is Java still secure?

As we all know we have several encounters with regards to various threats and Trojan horses, isn’t it? and this is a problem which really affects the security aspects of the new Java features. So by these they have studied and researched the features of the Java specifically with the components of this Java platform, and by these reasons there are some problems especially to entrusted applets that may be possible to be loaded to Java script browsers. However, they have studied in order to create a hypothesis by this topic, and asking if Java still secure?.....In line with this question, their very concrete answer also to that question was definitely yes, since according to them especially for unsigned or entrusted applets, the Java security manager still enforces the same sandbox, this sandbox is responsible for controlling those entrusted applets to be loaded. And according to Mr. John Q. Badguy “there must also requirements before those treats to be loaded to the browsers”, and I have guessed this kind of requirements requires a very concrete needs especially as permissions, so that it must have the key applets in the intranet, and of course in order to have security configuration of those Java engines and will not really have various prospect to do it wrong in that Java engine as well as in the Web browsers, right? And so as a whole, this Java still provides a powerful and of course still secure active content against those entrusted treats.

References:
[1] Koved, Nadalin, Neal, and Lawson, "The Evolution of Java Security", http://www.ibm.com/security/html/wp_javaevol.html




Report 3:


This very present time, computer viruses are steady low-level frustrations. Every company knows that it must have anti-virus software, and that virus protection is an asking price of doing businesses, that is the very reason in order to prevent those viruses. This involvement of viruses has only one reason and that is in order to spread those infections in the systems that may wipe out the functionality of the systems. But before this happen those viruses that came also from the internet, as what we have knew that in several organizations that do centralized incident management and reports has of course anti-virus software well deployed, most incidents involve only one or two systems, and the virus is caught before it can spread beyond. So those viruses are just being disinfected automatically with the use of that anti-virus software. And of course when some instances really occur like for example new viruses are discovered, anti-virus software is also being updated to deal with them, and again on a sequence of weeks or nevertheless in months, and that is according to them and of course of what I have noticed, that really happens all the time. So by this these viruses are just like business by now that when the problems occur automatically there are also updates in order to give solutions on them. The Internet only serves/plays a comparatively small role of spreading of those treats/viruses and of course gives also some detection and gives preventions in order that these viruses will not be spread throughout the systems.

References:
[1] Spafford, E. H., "The Internet Worm Program: An Analysis", ACM Computer Communication Review, 19(1), pp. 17-57, Jan 1989.[b]

Research on Business Analysis of the Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Model



This research is about how Object oriented hypermedia design model contribute on the e-learning development in the web information system and e-commerce.
It also discussed the navigational design, and how it helps the success of developing the hyper media applications.


This research also provides information on the history of using the hypermedia application on business. The early parts of hypermedia application, Theodor Holm Nelson create this application so that reading documents will not be read as in sequence, because this application on used in web based application. At present this application is used in e-commerce and became very popular in for business processes and applications over the Internet. This application is also used to improve the functions of Web information systems through the use of design patterns, which make Web sites easier to navigate. In the future, this research state that Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Model will make the E-commerce much more productive and is expected to help the IT-business system less expensive to maintain.

This research also states the strength and weaknesses of Object Oriented Hypermedia design model. One of it is the navigational design, where it provides simple navigation on the web systems. Besides it strengths comes it’s weakness and problems attached to this application, the very least problem addressed to Object Oriented Hypermedia design Model is it’s complexity and not meant to be maintain due to its physical properties of the support media.

Although there are setbacks in developing Object Oriented hypermedia design model, this research conclude that OOHDM is still essential in the success in Internet business and e-commerce by the use of navigation of websites


REFERENCES

Abrah, S., Fons, J., Pastor, O. "Building E-Commerce Applications from Object-Oriented Conceptual Models" 2000. http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigecom/exchanges/volume_2_(01)/2.2-Pastor.pdf






Research on Violent Video Games


This research is about how violent computer games affect the aggressiveness of an individual. It also explains why an individual tend to explore more on this type of recreational activities.

Curiosity is one factor why people play this kind of computer games; as a result effects of playing these games are often reflected after they played. Some people are attracted to this games because they like to see violence, there environment maybe one of the factor why an individual tend to be attracted to violent video games.

Another factor why people like violent video games is the exposure to crimes and media violence. Children who watch television and go to the movies see thousands of murders and countless other acts of violence. Many people believe that being exposed to all this violence causes children to be more aggressive.

They conducted some experiment in measuring the aggressiveness of an individual after they played violent video games. There finding is that the level of aggression increases after an individual played violent video games. On the other hand there are also finding that people that are aggressive tend to play these kinds of games. Anderson Dill states that the loud noise created by these kinds of games makes an individual more aggressive


REFERENCES

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001) Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353-359.





A research on survivability of a critical system


This research is about how to design and develop a system that could manage to perform its job even with unnatural condition and attacks of the system. Large system should contain these characteristics because they are more prone to user faults and errors. Network systems, due to its nature to be multi-user programs are definitely are in danger to these faults. Programmers and designers should consider these problems in developing a large network system.


A good system must have to survive system attacks, failures and accidents. Anticipating these problems before making and developing system programs is essential for a long lasting and stable system. The kind of programming language is also one of the factors for the survivability of the system. Accidents like file corruption can be lessen depending on the programming language used. System attacks like hacking must also be restricted by the use of user authentication, encryption, firewall and other security measures for data integrity.


This research must be taken more seriously for it tells us to be more vigilant in making such system program. Looking up to these factors and problems encountered of the system makes us think that in order to have a very good and robust system program, one must have to anticipate and compensate these endangerments of the system.


REFERENCES

R. Kazman, M. Klein, M. Barbacci, T. Longstaff, H. Lipson, and S. J. Carrière, "The Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method," Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, August 1998, Monterey, CA, IEEE Computer Society, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/ata/

Reference: http://www.articlesfactory.com/articles/computers/the-ultimate-security-measures.html/





Reference: http://www.articlesfactory.com/author/Scott%20Jarvis/page1.html






Reference: http://www.articlesfactory.com/author/Alexander%20Golishev.html

Instant Insecurity: Security Issues of Instant Messaging

In this research the author discusses the usage of Instant Messaging, how does it works and how it differs from the e-mail. It also outlined there the viruses and other possible threats it would encounter.
Instant messenger is very famous today because it is very useful in bridging the gap between people. And many are enjoying its services it offers to us. But Instant Messaging is widely used by many organizations and company since its services fills up the operation of both the phone call and email and it also identify people who are online and quickly exchange messages to them. And now, Instant Messaging has become an important digital communication tool within a business. Though IM gives great services to them, the organization/company is facing a big problem on those services on their security as it attracts hackers, viruses, legal liability and violation of country privacy laws, etc. And without the Proper Management of the IM's, a company /organization are exposed to many security issues such as Client Vulnerabilities, Insecure Network Traffic, Open Connections, and other security issues. Companies such as Microsoft have products to answer these issues. But we should not be dependent only to the security of their services, but we should also double the security not only on IM’s but in all applications. For example, we should make that the information we are transmitting will be secured.

References:
-Neal Hindocha 2003-01-13
-securityfocus.com
-url: http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1657

********************

3G TECHNOLOGY

This research paper tells us the capabilities of the new technology called "3G". Included also in this research its history on how 3g have begun. And the other technologies before 3g and what are their capabilities. As i read further this article i've come to know that the first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001, and the applications its capable of. In this paper, the authors also describe the first generation (1G)-the analog system for mobile communications and the second generation (2G)-digital cellular systems.

This 3G Ttechnology offers us faster communication services such as the internet. We all know what the internet is capable of, its applications and services that we use everyday helps us do our work more easier in less time. And what i'm interested more about this is because of its multimedia services that are less costly and is a user-friendly. And now, our new mobile phones is now also capable of this new technology. We can send and recieve voice,picture and video messages in an instant.With the help of this new technology, it is more easier for us to communicate to other people.

Gladly, the development of the fourth generation (4G) has already begun
References:
-www.oppapers.com
-paper donated by:Yvonnetan
-url: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/3g-Technology/139261


********************

Video Games: A Source of Benefits or Addiction?

As I’ve read this research about Computer Games and by further researching about it. I’ve became more familiar on many computer games available today. We can’t deny that computer games are now a part of our daily life and it influences our society very much. We all know that people are playing computer games in regardless to their level of ages. But some people are thinking that these are unhealthy and not advisable to children of young ages. Because in the case today, Video games with those that contain violence are more popular to students specially. But there are some video games that are not harmful. These computer/Video games can also be beneficial to us in such a way it can give leisure to us in our busy life. It can also contribute in improving our logic skills. In the case of addiction to children at young ages, parents are accountable to that. They should be monitoring their children every moment in order to avoid the addiction into these especially to those video games where they could get some ideas on violence.

References:
-Mary Schlimme
-url: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web3/mschlimme.html
-John Laird's Artificial Intelligence & Computer Games Research
-url: http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/laird/gamesresearch.html

Giesi Mae L. Gorgonio
BSIT-4

Report 1:

Medical Informatics: You're in Good Health

As the information is widely available and the technology is constantly evolving there is always the pressure to keep up with the latest development especially if its a new guidelines that will affect decision making. Medical informatics can assist health care in many areas: improve the delivery of services like laboratory test results; eliminate the need for routine paperwork; provide easy access to information; use handheld devices that will assist the physician in tracking patient date; exchange information that compiles with standards of decision support systems in healthcare.

Though, medical malpractices can't be avoided(because we are only humans), it can be lessen using high-tech facilities and computerized systems.
Reference:
1. "Medical Informatics: You're in Good Health." Bato Balani 2007-2008:4-5
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_informatics


Report 2:





Reference:

"Warning: ipod Can Be Used as a Tracking Device". Bato Balani 2007-2008:4-5

Report 3:




Reference:

Josephine Ann A. Aparte."Think Before you Click". Bato Balani 2006-2007:4-5

THE IMPACT OF SHARED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON ARCHEOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Hermon, Sorin
Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
sorinh@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
Franco Niccolucci
University of Florence, Italy
niccolucci@unifi.it

Reflection

From the title alone “The Impact of Shared Information Technology on
Archeological Scientific Research” we can already know what the study is all about. It basically explained the effect of Information Technology in Archeology. Archeology without IT is not that wide since archeological information are limited only for those who have a copy of it either a book or any printed out documents. Furthermore, limited numbers of pages are printed due to a very expensive printing cost during that time. The only advantage of the traditional way of gathering archeological information is its reliability.
Applying Information Technology in Archeology offers so many advantages. The internet is capable to transmit and transfer large amount of data, making it available to possible user anytime at anywhere. The internet will be a very legitimate resource of information since it offers no limitations in providing that information. But the question in data reliability arise, since archeological information can easily be altered and edited by any user who have been granted an access to that information once it has been shared in the internet.


TECHNOLOGICALLY ENABLED CRIME: SHIFTING PARADIGMS FOR THE YEAR 2000

By Sarah Gordon
E-mail:sgordon@low-level.format.com
Reflection:
This study is all about the effect of viruses and other malicious files to our computer and computer system. These viruses are intentionally designed and created for a very particular reason which is to destroy one application or the entire computer system. The present technologies offer all means in transmitting viruses from one computer to another via virus exchange network. This is that causes the creation of so many viruses.
The harm caused by these viruses is measured through its ability to replicate and how it can be passed from one computer to other computer. To avoid our system to more destructive capabilities of viruses, early detection is still the better way. Computer user has a responsibility to protect the computer from these viruses by being able to detect and identify it in early age, to get rid from most harsh to happen in our computer system.
The spread of these viruses is still depend on the ethical aspects in which the primary factor to influenced it even if we say that availability of all resources in transmitting viruses is accessible to anyone. Thus, laws and ethical considerations are still a solution to minimize this unethical act.


AN UNDETECTABLE COMPUTER VIRUS

David M. Chess and Steve R. White
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Hawthorne, New York, USA
chess@us.ibm.com, srwhite@us.ibm.comR

Reflection

As a computer user it is our responsibility to protect our computer from viruses and malicious files. One better way to protect our computer system is the ability to detect the virus from its early stage. There are already several detection algorithms available to used for early detection and identifying of viruses. But there is really a case that there’s no way to detect a particular virus that said to have no error-free detection algorithm exist. This might be very harmful for our computer system since this undetectable viruses are free to enter and able to destroy our computer system.
Its sad to know that there's such virus as undetectable virus, but still as a computer user we can think an alternative on how to avoid that undetectable virus to enter to our computer.

a








Open Source Software became famous recently. However most users would not like to use it because according to many it is hard to use and learn. Most users still want to use commercial proprietary softwares rather than open source softwares. Is it really that hard to use? For us, IT students it might not be that hard however for average users they find it hard to use. This maybe because open source softwares take several years to mature. Meaning constant upgrades will be done thus adding complexity in learning the software. Another is the existence of similar softwares. Most proprietary softwares had already exist for a long time. This may contribute to its memorability.

Usability is typically described in terms of five characteristics: ease of learning, efficiency of use,
memorability, error frequency and severity, and subjective satisfaction (Nielsen, 1993). This characteristics can be influenced by how long the software have been in existence.

All software have complexity in learning and using. Its just up to the user to have patience in learning.

Reference:

David M Nichols and Michael B Twidale, "Usability and Open Source Software" 2002
"http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/nicholstwidale1.pdf"


Report 3:



Privacy alone is a very complex thing to discuss. How much more when you use that word with the internet. The meaning of the word "privacy" stems from latin "privare" - to separate(Przemyslaw Kordasiewicz, 2000). Internet makes access to information convenient and easy. When your private information is placed on the web it becomes a threat to privacy. The convenience and power of the internet makes is a dangerous place for your private files. It can be processed and transfered to unlimited recipients.

For better web access Cookies were introduced. These are text files which contain information about previous transactions. Cookies becomes a threat because it can be modified to serve as a tracking tool.
This cookies can be used to profile the users or to get information from the user. When used like this cookies became a tool in invading our privacy.

Reference:

Przemyslaw Kordasiewicz, "Cookies a Threat" 2000
"http://www.geocities.com/kordasp/sem/seminar.html"

Julaysa O. Halilio
BSCS-4

Research # 1: Digital Computer: Impact on the Social Sciences

This research was about how computers have affected the world of Social Sciences. Sociology, psychology, economics, political science, history, or anthropology is some of the examples of Social Science.
Computers have varied advantages and dis-advantages in different kinds of Social Sciences. Dis-advantage is merely on the null hypotheses testing where researchers have to go on reading and checking the printouts to check if the level of significance of correlations were substantial. But, mostly computers have been a great help in the Social Science field. Computer is a more efficient research assistant and a good teaching stuff. It can be a librarian who patiently searches for significant records, a bank manager who keeps numerical files, and a fast electronic mail system that tracks your friends and family members throughout the universe with the help of the World Wide Web (WWW). Forums and chat rooms on the Internet also make discussions a more encouraging way for students to interact and share their own opinions.
Well, personally I could testify that computer has really become a great help to everyone and especially to me. It makes my work faster and easier. The World Wide Web has become a reliable source of information especially to students like me. I think it’s in with us on how we take the effects of computers in our lives. With proper usage this dis-advantages can be solved and this advantages can be properly utilize. It may have good and bad effects but still we cannot deny its contribution in the improvements in our ways of life nowadays. We should just be responsible enough for our actions and be careful in what we do.

Reference: library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/gg/GG_Digital_2001.pdf

Research # 2: Wireless Standards to Enable Broadband


Computers nowadays are mainly used by our law enforcements in providing voice services mainly to provide them narrowband mobile data. This network services have provided the authorities a good performance for a long period of time, but as what is says everything changes and when something change a new problem and changes arises which needs a solution to the problem. With this, the concerned authorities have come up a solution and this is to have a standard bases in enabling broadband. Having Broadband standards will enable interoperability, reduce equipment costs and enable competition and improve functionality. Proposed key standards are IMT-2000, IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards, Network Type Range Data Rate Mobility, and Project Mesa (Mobility for Emergency and Safety Applications).

They have proposed good key standards and I do agree with them in having standards to Enable Broadband. So that our law enforcement can have more efficient equipment that will help them makes their work faster, easier and more reliable. Surely these new standards will be another cost of budget but, if it would be for the better then why not. But it would be great if they would conduct more test and researches about these standards so that they can utilize and avoid encountering more problems in the near future.

Reference: http://policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?...action=print_display&article_id=313&issue_id=62004 (4 of 4) [7/9/2007 1:50:32 PM


Research # 3: Instructional Media: The Internet Possibility


Traditionally, teaching instruction was done in a classroom based where the instructor and the students meet and discuss every lesson face to face. Many wished to study but do not have the opportunity to attend the Instructional- Led and classroom based teaching. This is why the Distance learning was born. It is a way of teaching where instructors and students interact using the Internet, in particular the World Wide Web. Although internet nowadays has become one of the reliable and effective ways of getting information and communicating to your colleagues, many are still questioning its efficiency as an Instructional media. Other countries especially in the United States have eagerly welcomed the idea and were now using Internet as an instructional media, but locally only few schools have adapted and make use of this idea. Internet Based Instruction do have its flaws, given that text is the primary mode of communication on the Web, it is necessary that learners must be literate, or at least be approaching literacy and locally accessibility was one of the problems that instructors and students have encountered and make them stick to the traditional classroom based instruction.

Personally, using internet as an Instructional media is not a bad idea. Although it requires Internet Instruction Infrastructure such as Fast computers, Internet connection, modem, special software, and training and support personnel, still these are requirements that if we can cater would be a great help in achieving another teaching environment where many individuals will be benefited. Like for us, some of our instructors now are using the Internet as an Instructional media and so far I could say that it is a good idea so that students like me could appreciate and maximize the materials that we have. But, the decision would still be in you, each of us has the right to choose on which field to use. Use the Internet instruction if it will serve you best or use the Traditional instruction media if it suits you best.


Reference: http://www.ou.edu/class/eipt6143/annehome/ou6333.html
Thesis: The Internet Based Delivery System as an Instructional Medium
Belinda Laya Torres, Master of Science in Information Science - USEP

Research 1

Addictive using Internet

Internet addiction could be defined in many angle of deep observation… Its not just a simple case that could be forfeit… Its like a virus that anyone would get affected if you get struckted(twisted).. It stereotyped that mostly predominantly young, introverted, and computer-oriented males become more addicted to the Internet than women do, based on their study..

On their case study they selected a respondent of which demonstrates a non-technologically oriented woman with a self-reported content home life. At first the respondent was a ‘computer phobic and illiterate’ she only know how to navigate the on-line system through the use of help and GUI friendly environment on the on-line service… after she had finally familiarize the environment she try to go farther and scan new things on her on like trying to go on the other chat rooms(Improving(^^,))… After 3mos. The respondent was now spending long time logging on the net base on their case study the respondent was spending 50 to 60 hours per week. After that she even stopped on her daily routine chores in her house like cooking, cleaning, and grocery shopping. Her two teenage daughters felt ignored by their mother, as she was always sitting in front of the computer. Her husband of 17years complained about the financial cost of the on-line service fees which his husband paid up to $400 per month(Whew!… That cost so much money! You could buy a lot of sack of RICE on that amount!). Her continual overuse of the Internet eventually resulted in becoming estranged from her two daughters and separated from her husband within one year of the purchase of her home computer. Base on their case study the respondent had admitted that she was having addiction to the Internet (like alcohol).

We find to think for ourselves specially those who are really fun of using computer, as they’re habit past time that are we, an a Internet addict? Who knows?! Only those people around us could tell if we ourselves could realize that were really addicted… Like now a days some OLDER citizens as well as the YOUNG people were engaged to Internet and Computer Games that result to Addiction (You might think that only youth would get overtime on using computers but your definitely wrong, because there still old ladies and mans that can easily adapt with our generation today sabi pa nga nila “OLDIES GOODIES” hmmm…. ano kaya pinagkakagulohan nila but sila nag papagod mag chat nang magdamag mga 3M’s kaya hinahanap nila mga MATANDANG MADALING MAMATAY=P)…


REFERENCES

AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (1995) Diagnostic and statistical manual ofmental disorders. (4th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.BUSCH, T. (1995) Gender differences in self-efficacy and attitudes toward computers. Journalof Educational Computing Research, 12,147-158.

GOODMAN, A. (1993) Diagnosis and treatment of sexual addiction. Journal of Sex and Marital
Therapy, 19, 225-251.

GRAPHICS, VISUALIZATION, AND USABILITY CENTER. (1995) Online Access, March
Issue, 51-52.

GRIFFITHS, M. (1990) The cognitive psychology of gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6,
31-42.

YOUNG, K. S. (1996) Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Paper
presented at the 104th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto,
Canada.


Research 2

Students Engaged in Cybersex for Various reasons


Students initially engaged in cybersex because it was perceived as novelty. According to Andrew Thatcher & Andee Feldman “student’s perceived cybersex as novelty” because students found the idea “new and exciting”, they were “curious” to see what all the hype was about. Other respondents felt that this new communication medium meant more intense and creative mind-sex. According to wikipedia, it can enable participants to act out fantasies which they would not act out in real life through role-playing due to physical or social limitations and potential for misunderstanding, which they would not engage in real life, such as those that are risky, not possible or practical to pursue with their partner, or are activities which the person has no desire to actually participate in, such as BDSM, homosexuality or rape. A common thread for continuing to engage to cybersex is the emotional and physical safety of the encounters. On the physical side the geographical distance means that respondents felt safe in the fact that they could not be physically abused. Therefore others pursue cybersex to explore fantasies, relieve stress or spice up their offline sex lives. Regarding to this matter, it indeed have its disadvantage and advantage that we also have to be aware.



REFERENCES

Http://www.criticalmethods.org/andre.html

Hamman R,B (1996, September 1996). Four other forms of cybersex. Retrieved August 21 1st 1997 from the World Wide Web.

Http://www.socio.demon.co.uk/cyberorgans.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cybersex


Research 3

Blue Light Hazard

Blue light can be really a great exposure to us now a days because of our fast changing technology bringing harmful lights easily be seen in our naked eye. Exposing your eyes in blue light rays can bring harmful to your health specially if you a macular problems(“macular - the center of the inner lining of the eye, know as the macular area of th retina”-wikipedia).. But research still on process about the blue light ray effect on our eyes… but it would be more advisable if we just stay out of it cause we don’t know how harmful does blue light hazard affects on our eyes specially those who have retinal problems… Because only our eyes is our ticket to enjoy our adventure in this world(^^,)

“Visible light of short wavelength (blue light) may cause a photochemical injury to the retina, called photorentinitis or blue-light hazard.” Okuno T. Saito H, Ojima Evaluation of blue-light hazards from various light sources. J. Dev Ophthalmol. 2002;35:104-12.

REFERENCES

Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. 2002 Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295: 1070-1073

Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW. 2002. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity.Science 295: 1065-1070.

Menaker M. Circadian rhythms. Circadian photoreception. Science 2003;299:213-4.

Wee R, Van Gelder RN. Sleep disturbances in young subjects with visual dysfunction. Ophthalmology 2004;111:297-303.

A Robotic Brain-Computer Interface

Everything in this world is created with corresponding purpose or importance on it. One of the example is the continue innovation of technology nowadays. As we can see technology today help in all kind of fields.

One of the institution in foreign country developed a machine which enable to act as a brain-computer interface. The studies approach is to establish an interface between computers and the brain which allow paralyze people the chance to operate the computers and the robots with their minds. This study also provide us to search billions of images with corresponding small amount of data which can be seen in just a second.

As we notice there are a lot images in the net but it take too much time to search for time. Sometimes the difficulty of it is by the memory it contain. By wasting a lot of time searching to a particular image can be waste of time and money. This study help lessen your money and effort to be wasted. But this study is on the process because this study is also focusing in the brain. The brain is the most complicated part of the body. Because it is complicated you cannot easily put on some device. And also the brain receives a lot of signals come from the other part of the body. One of the researcher said, "This study is similar the way we recognize language. There are many words you hear often, but no matter how long you have been living, there always be the one that you haven't heard before. You will need to understand something new--Torralba."

References:
www.google.com


Games to Make Computer Smarter

Many computer scientist introduced and developed a lot of computer games which any variety of ages were trying to go on with the trend of computer games. As we all see, the primary goal of introducing any kind of games is the user to have fun but sometimes addiction burst when users used it too much in the process which is not good.

This study focusing on to an online games which to train the computer to better see. It is a game in which there is an image on the screen and you have to identify the image and element of it. This study focusing on the higher quality of computer vision to identify the object easily.

Sometimes computer is not very common in a particular image. As you notice,if you search into a particular image on the internet the result that will appear contains many linked about the image. The computer will not directly link your request to the corresponding image you want. Before you can get what you want you have to introduce a lot in order to recognize. One of the author stated, "For a computer, the process of learning image is not unlike the way a child learns to associate with images--Dr. Von Ahn."

The main point is having fun playing on these game is not the only avenue to the people who wants to play but also it is a test to improvise vision and sense.

References:
www.ask.com



A Plague: Biological, Computer, and Marketing

There are a lot of viruses surround us, there are biological viruses, computer viruses, and marketing viruses. All of the viruses is just the same in a way but they are just inside of different field. They need to be cured and healed.

This study is all about viruses, their types, and how can they be treated or healed. In biological viruses, we can see billions of it. Some can be treated but some may not and can caused to death. The other one is computer viruses, we can embraced it in many ways. Example putting a device into a infected computer or other devices, or by accessing it in the internet, there are sites who are spreading some. Computer viruses can be deadly to your computer. It can destroy the data on the computer. The same also with marketing viruses. There are also viruses that can be cured and also there are viruses that may not. But despite the difference of the three types of viruses it structure in a way affect similarly. They behave in similar ways depending on the format of their network but can be treated in their specific field.

References:

www.ask.com

How Prevalent are Computer Viruses?

Computer Viruses are present in this world today,It cause a lot of trouble in our PC-DOS computer
but in this research it talks about how stable are the computer virus in this age and to the upcomming generation. The survey that was taken talks about that computer virus nowadays can be prevented easily. Computer education and some information is only needed just like putting anti virus and calling a technician to fix it. As the world moves on, the problems of computer virus degrade and this research talks about the prevalent of the computer virus to the upcomming years. A battle between new virus and anti virus. How stable it is or the existance of it will end in the near future. Base on my observation computer virus is easily be cured through anti virus and being educated in school, I myself also knows
how to create simple computer virus using batch file programming, vbs script and hitting the registry, these are the common virus that will hit you in the usb but i already know these stuffs so i can esily distinguish a virus. Virus today is degrading thats why these research talks that how prevalent the virus be if the surveys and the statistics shows that its existance is so subtle today.

References:
http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/Kephart/DPMA92/dpma92.html

Directed-Graph Epidemiological Models of Computer Viruses

This study is about the understanding the propagation and the wide spread of computer virus theoretically.
By epidemiological model they can see the producton of the computer virus, its variety and its population that was infected and lastly the condition of an epedemic that might occur. As a conclusion that they made, using anti virus is still the best way to prevent the epidmemic of computer virusin our world today. Since I was a kid i am so obssesed to the thing they called virus in the computer. I am so amazed to the creator to that issue in the philippines the I LUV U virus. The philippines was in great panic
in that day, through this model it can show that virus today is no match to the virus in the older days because of lack of education in computer stuffs.

Copyright 1994 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Reprinted from Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy; Oakland, California, May 20-22, 1991; pp. 343-359.

References
http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/Kephart/VIRIEEE/virieee.gopher.html

Computer Viruses: A Global Perspective

Understanding computer virus from a global perspective is in need to know. This research talks about viewing the the stages of computer virus from generation to generation. As a global outlook, how does this virus affect the current system now a days and for the upcomming years. Developing anti virus to prevent the virus from attacking a computer. By advance technology computer OS and machines are also develop, as we all know their are already so many kinds of Os that means predicting what kind of virus will atack to suit that OS or machine is needed, to trace the trends of computer virus for the upcomming years and will hit globally. Since our generation today produces a lots of Os viewing in the global perspective about computer virus is really important to know some facts about virus who is only applicable to a certain machines and has a least effect in our desktop computers.

References
http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/White/VB95/vb95.distrib.html

I




To have an efficient and appropriate software for our various needs and other applications is never a problem. We just have to surf the internet and find some commercially produced software or open source software to try on our own.

It is usual to most students to download trial versions softwares rather than spending much, just to have their own original product. For pratical reason, more prefers to use pirated commercial products or have an open source softwares which are free.

Presently, open sourcing had bloomed so fast. More and more supporters from the different areas of the IT Industry are coming. This study of Mockus, Fielding and Herbsleb actually showed the advantages of using open source products like the Apache Server for example. In their study, promoting these softwares will lead to a better IT world. More developers enhance their skills and had the opportunity to be known internationally. The continuous growth of every open source programs will result to better and useful products.

It is always stressed out that these open source products are for free unlike those commercial softwares that are commonly used. Although sometimes, these softwares doesn't meet our expectations in its functionality; it can still give a solution for our problems through maximizing its available properties.

References: http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/mockusapache.pdf


II



C is one of most interesting languages I've learned. As a primitive language, it is applied to various applications like system designing. "C++ is most effective when applied to new software projects that use an object-oriented design from the start. However, many C programs can benefit from object-oriented extensions even when a complete rewrite is impractical. By converting a C application to compile using a C++ compiler, object-oriented elements can be introduced incrementally."(Jerry Fitzpatrick,1995) C++ as a fruit language continues in bringing the popularity of C to the programming world and competes to other OOP languages commonly used today.

This study showed the benefits and improvements in converting C programs to a C++ version. The size of the source program had lessen and the result program is faster to be executed. During the study, the author found out faults and errors that are difficult to solve when converting a block of program. There are also keywords that results conflicts. In the end, the author was still successful in transforming the entire C code to C++ having to eliminate bugs that occured during conversion process.

For me, the advances that I saw from C programming language had never changed. It's still up
to every programmers to what programming language they will be using as long as it can help them solve
problems they are encountering. I believe all programming languages were created with it's own purpose and can still be developed due time.

References: http://www.softwarerenovation.com/Converting.pdf


III





Today, computer processors are rapidly upgrading. There are dual-core and quad-core processors available in the computer market. Soon, this no ending progress will produce highly innovative technologies, super processors. As a supplement, new system design will exist handle this high technologies. And one of this development are the sorting algorithm employed.

The traditional sorting algorithms; quick, bubble and merge sort still applies for some present and old computer processors. But now, the more multiple threading and pipelining involved in this super processors the more problems occured that even old fashioned sorting algorithms can no more answer.
These gives a reason for these team of japanese IT professionals to develop a new sorting algorithm
that will solve this existed problems. They called it, Aligned-Access Sort or the AA Sort.
It has two major algorithm the In-Core and Out-of-Core algorithm. This new sorting method is an enhanced combination of bubble sorting and merge sorting. They had tested it to a Multi-Core SIMD processor and were able to surpass the previous algorithm used.

As a whole, this shows that the development of sorting algorithms will never end due to the never ending
development of computer architectures in the IT World.

References: http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/people/inouehrs/pdf/PACT2007-SIMDsort.pdf

Report 1.

How to Get Rid of Computer Viruses
An Article from www.howtogetridofstuff.com

We hear about viruses all the time. Everywhere and anywhere. In Information Technology, viruses are parasite which commonly resides in a computer and can destroy the computer files and later the whole computer system. But what is a computer virus? According to the website "http://www.seniormag.com/compcorner/articles/virus.htm/, a computer virus is a small piece of code that does two things: (1) It causes some sort of an unwanted change to the computer. (2) It is developed to spread itself to other computers without the users permission." Yes, the definition is extremely correct. Computer viruses resides and hide itself in the computer. They could delete your computer files, copy and replicate itself to your other file folders; and on some cases, could totally corrupt and crash your computer which is the very worse thing they do.

But do we know what kind of viruses our computer might have? According to the article, "computer viruses can be divided into different categories namely: (1) Resident viruses, (2) Direct Action Viruses, (3) Overwrite Viruses, (4) Boot Viruses, (5) Macro Viruses, and (6) File Infectors." You could know that your computer is infected by viruses in any of the categories if: (1) your computer run very slow as in "usad-pagong", (2) you encounter lots of errors and your computer 'hung' if we call it, (3) it suddenly restart without your consent. If you encounter those problems, then your computer have viruses. Then how could we get rid of those viruses? Well, there are lots of anti-virus software available on the internet and even in the computer stores. These are some anti-virus software you could try: the McAffee Antivirus, Norton Antivirus, Avast Antivirus and AVG Antivirus Softwares. Yes, they are one of the best and is easy to use too.

You now have antivirus software, but how would you clean your infected PC? The Website http://www.ehow.com show us some ways to clean our computer, which are the following:
1. As soon as you suspect your computer has viruses, remove your computer from any networks or from the internet to avoid to spread the bug.
2. Run any available anti-virus software and scan your computer until it is clean.
3. Install antivirus software if you don't have one.
4. Reconnect to the internet and check for latest antivirus software update, then download it to your PC.
5. Run the updated antivirus software until your computer is clean.
After you have tried to do the ways of cleaning your computer but still your computer is "usad-pagong" and encounter errors, I guess it is time for you to call for an expert. If you have computer genius friends, then seek for their help. If money bothers you, payment for service can be talk about. Well, that is the disadvantage of seeking for experts. You will pay them for their work. For you not to waste your money to experts, make your computer virus-free by always keeping your anti-virus software updated. To be safe is to be cautious!

References:
1. How to Get Rid of Computer Viruses
http://www.howtogetridofstuff.com/computer-problems/how-to-get-rid-of-computer-viruses/
2. http://www.seniormag.com/compcorner/articles/virus.htm/
3. http://www.ehow.com

Report 2:

Did you Know that Servers can Lie?
An Article from IndiaTimes Infotech Site

Our world today is a fast changing world. Computers are now mostly used for business purposes. Internet usage are increasing spreading around the globe. Internet have servers which manipulate the coming in and out of domain names that users are trying to open. But do servers secure?

According to the article, "hackers that re-route internet traffic from infected computers to fraudulent websites are increasing." Yes, hackers do this to make money out of redirecting malicious sites to users with infected computers. I have not tried being directed to wrong websites. Only having pop-ups that shows on my computer screen surprisingly.

According to the paper, the researchers with Georgia Institute of Technology and Google, Inc. says, "there are 68,000 servers on the internet which are returning malicious DNS result." That is a lot of servers and lot of hackers too! Most people don't have ideas on what was happening behind the internet. We did not know that we might be the one being hijacked by those internet criminals. We should not be surprised if unwanted sites are popping out of our computer screens. If you have accounts in the bank that suddenly got empty, guess not cause you are hijacked.

To secure your servers from these cheaters, here are some tips from the website "http://www.redhat.com/manuals/linux/RHL_9_manual/security_guide/ch-servers.html, the following are the general tips for enhancing server security:
1. Keep all services up-to-date to protect against latest threats.
2. Use secure protocols whenever possible.
3. Serve only one network service per machine whenever possible.
4. monitor all servers carefully for suspicious activity."

Blocking some websites and Domain Name Servers could also might help. securing your system is also significant. According to the site "http://www.webopedia.com/term/3/, a web server has security protocols that encrypt and decrypt message to protect them against third party." We could count on those protocols but I think not all the time. For us to be sure, let us seek for help from experts. We should make sure that
those experts are not the internet cheaters we talked about. We might also browse the internet and look for some tips then apply it on our own. You could also visit this site for server security enhancement: http://ciac.llnl.gov/ciac/bulletins/j-042.shtml/.

References:
1. http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2785722.cms
2. RedHat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Security Guide
http://www.redhat.com/manuals/linux/RHL_9_manual/security_guide/ch-servers.html
3. http://www.webopedia.com/term/3/


Report 3:

Breaking Phone Call Encryption
By Erica Naone


In our world today becuase of fast changing in technology, conversations can be made using telephones,mobilephones and even voice messaging over the internet is possible. It was made possible with the help of VoIP or Voice Over Internet Protocol.

VoIP is a protocol used to convert the voice signal into packets before being sent over the internet. This protocol is present to VOIP phones . Eavesdroppers are abundant around the world. It can be your seat mate in a bus or your friend in the neighborhood. If conversations of two individuals can be eavesdrop by someone from a distance, phone calls conversation can be too. Telephone call can now be listened through by wiretapping on the telephone line of one of the caller. VoIP phone calls can also be vulnerable to eavesdroppers by breaking through firewalled networks.

To address these problems according to the article, the John Hopkins University Researchers presented a compression technique called variable bit-rate encoding, which adjust the size of data packets being sent over the internet based on how mush information they actually contain. Encrypting the packets after thay have been compressed scrambles their content but somehow does not change the size. This technique would make a result of giving almost of the information to potential eavesdroppers. By the way, what is encryption? Encryption, for the benefits of those who is not familiar with, is a process of altering data into codes which the maker could only understand. The main pupose of encryption is to hide the real meaning of the message to potential and unwanted listeners.

According to the article, the technique presented by the researchers is good in terms of improving the quality of service of VoIP phones . The researcher's technique reduces the bandwith usage of the computer to protect the security of the VoIP phone call. But reducing the computer's bandwith can somehow affect the phone call security.

But their is still a solution in protecting your calls from eavesdroppers. You can use a special hardware such as Cryptophone. Making calls using cryptophoone is limited because it can only work with the other cryptophones. That is its disadvantage! Well, making phone calls secure form eavesdroppers is still an issue. To make sure their are no one listening to our calls, look around before you answer any call and keep your voice as low as possible.

References:
1. Breaking Phone Call Encryption by Erica Naone
http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/20913/?a=f
2. Definition of Encryption
www.ask.com

Report on “Pricing Information Goods”

This paper was made to site the issues with regards to the pricing of Information Goods such as computer software, databases, electronic journals and other things which are considered electronic goods. The author supports the statements and arguments in this paper with simple arithmetic and logical explanation which is enough scientific evidence to support the relevance with regards to the problems stated in this paper.

The scenario is that digital materials, a database of telephone numbers on a certain city for example has a very high cost upon making the first copy, just imagine how long it would take to create such database and how much resources would you spend such as a computer for digitizing a telephone directory or a programmer perhaps to design your software interface. But it would only take a fraction of the initial cost to reproduce your product. Suppose that others produced the same kind of database with the same data, consumers will only buy to the producers selling the goods at the lowest price. Now there is competition on the prices and probably both competitors would be settling the lowest price that could not recover the fixed production cost. Until one will be forced out of business. Now the scenario proves that in the digital goods industry a purely competitive market is almost close to impossible.

Having these facts producers turn their attention where they have some market power, where producers produce goods that are different enough from the other, and put their concerns on the customers’ willingness to pay for the product rather than their competitors behavior through Price Discrimination and Bundling.

Price Discrimination
In General this is the practice of varying the quality of the same product to target different types of market and to tend to different levels of willingness to pay for products among customers. Examples from the paper are as follows:
Bundling
Bundling is common practice in the IT industry, this is the practice of bundling together small pieces of functional goods to sell as one to a market that has varying levels of willingness if the products are otherwise sold individually, which would greatly affect he producers decision making of which is which product to produce. But instead they bundle out all the small pieces and sell it at a price that would compensate the production costs of the individual products.

reference:
Hal R. Varian
University of Michigan
June15, 1995
http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/price-info-goods.pdf

Database Servers on Windows XP and the Unintended Consequences of
Simple File Sharing

This paper presents the unexpected as well as unintended security holes when a database server is run on a Windows XP machine with Simple File Sharing enabled. Though according to Microsoft this feature is turned ON by default it can always be turned of. Simple file sharing is the feature in which a user can share files across networked computers just by a few mouse clicks and even without supplementing a much desired authentication such as a valid username and password to gain access to shared files. Going back to the issue of vulnerability of database servers running on these machines these are the known behavior of a winXP machine with simple file sharing enabled compared to classic file sharing implementation.

The significance of this matrix is that when a database is installed on this machine and if the database supports OS based authentication then it is possible for any attacker of the system to gain access to it even without a valid username and password. It is also advised to use the classic file sharing rather than simple file sharing.

reference:
David Litchfield [davidl@ngssoftware.com]
16th November 2005
http://www.ngssoftware.com/papers/database-on-xp.pdf

E-mail Spoofing and CDONTS.NEWMAIL
(Protecting Microsoft Active Server Pages Applications)


This paper is about the vulnerability of the CDONTS.NEWMAIL object used in ASP application, this object is used to add functionality such as feedback or contact forms. It shows how the object can be used by attackers to send arbitrary e-mails through the web servers. This paper also promotes the idea of validating a user input to any function of an email message rather than passing values assigned to a field directly across the network. Also discussed in brief detail how the attacker can tamper with the mail through a simple illustration of the functionality of the object’s code. The impacts of this kind of threat was also cited by making examples of large firms that had fall victim and how they lost large amounts of money. Resolution to this type of problem are as simple as validating the user input through stripping of or removing some of the allowed characters with regards to the application which is ASP from being sent through the network.

reference:
David Litchfield (david@ngssoftware.com)
9th January 2002
http://www.ngssoftware.com/papers/aspmail.pdf

Teodorico Majarocon Jr BSCS4 CS Research Methods

Report No. 1

SPAM OVER INTERNET TELEPHONY: THE DARK SIDE OF VoIP

Technology is always a two-edged sword. On one hand, it can be beneficial to mankind; on the other, it can be intentionally used to cause harm or inconvenience, in the least. The research paper of Dr. Andreas U. Schmidt, Nicolai Kuntze, and Rachid El Khayari titled, "Spam Over Internet Telephony and How to Deal with It" is a case in point. It studies the phenomenon and methodology of propagating unsolicited, bulk calls over the Internet phone.

Wikipedia [1] defines Internet Telephony as the use of the Internet infrastructure to send phone calls either to phones connected to computers or to land line or mobile phones. The actual technical term used is Voice Over Internet Protocol or VoIP. The advantages of VoIP are outlined in [2] and these are low cost, simplicity, and “multimedia functionality”. When a company decides to provide the standard telephone service, it has to construct and spend for its own infrastructure or telephone network. Obviously, the capital infusion will be tremendous and makes the phone services expensive. However, if the company uses VoIP technology, it can use the existing infrastructure of the Internet, saving the company time and money. This brings the cost of calls down. VoIP is simple because it uses the existing network protocols. The protocols that define VoIP is called the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). According to Wikipedia, SIP sits in the Session Layer of the OSI model and uses the existing transport protocols whether it is TCP, UDP or STCP, and the other protocols used in Network, Data Link and Physical layers. It is like a module which you plug into a running system and uses the other existing modules in the system. Lastly, since VoIP uses the Internet, it can avail of the existing Internet technologies to make a richer mix of services such as video conferencing, data and video downloads and others.

However, while VoIP has leveraged a lot of advantages by using the Internet, it has also inherited some of the problems that continue to plague this network. Sipera System's VIPER Lab, a Texas research company that specializes in VoIP, has identified the security problems in 2008 of which SPAM is one of these[3]. The paper [2] defines SPAM as unsolicited and, mostly, bulk email. They coin the word SPIT or SPAM over Internet Telephony to differentiate email from VoIP SPAM. The authors are obviously concerned about SPIT because SPAM comprises 80 to 90 percent of email traffic. They are afraid that the same will eventually happen to SPIT thereby clogging the network with unwanted traffic.

SPAM and SPIT share a similarity in the sense that these are unsolicited (and annoying) communication. But aside from this, they differ in the way each operates. SPAM mails are automatically received by mail servers before they can be accessed by the recipient. This allows the server to detect and filter out SPAM before it reaches the victim. On the other hand, SIP is a connection-oriented protocol which requires that a communication session be established before the message is delivered. This means that the phone has already rung and the call accepted before the recipient realizes it is SPIT. By then, the damage has been done- the victim has already been disturbed and the SPIT message delivered. It is for this reason that the paper [2] considers SPIT more difficult and challenging than SPAM.

The paper [2] studied and analyzed the cutting-edge SPIT countermeasures. It came up with the following categories: device fingerprinting, using white list or blacklists, reputation systems, Turing Test and computational puzzles, payment at risk, and intrusion detection mechanisms and honey phones. Device fingerprinting compares some features of the device used to make the call (User Agent), specifically the order and appearance of SIP headers, with those of "standard" devices. Those that fail to conform are rejected. This is done during session handshaking. White lists consist of acceptable callers while the black list is its opposite. Reputation systems let the recipient assign a grade to callers which identifies them as SPIT or otherwise. In the next attempt at handshaking, the grades determine whether a connection is allowed to be established. The Turing Test distinguishes human callers from web robots or bots. Since most SPAM and SPIT are delivered by bots, it is a way of identifying SPIT . Intrusion detection systems usually counts the number of calls a particular telephone address or Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) makes over a period of time and compares it with the average calls over time. A URI which makes 100 calls in an hour will most likely be sending SPIT.

However all the countermeasures enumerated above also contain weaknesses which allow these to be circumvented. For example, the finger print of of a software User Agent can be modified to appear like normal SIP headers. The paper calls it fingerprint spoofing. Or in the case of Turing Test, the call can be forwarded to a human call agent who will solve the test. To defeat the Intrusion Detection mechanism, the SPITter can minimize the average call per time to mimic the normal average. All in all, the paper [2] concludes that more research should be done to counter SPIT.

It is interesting to note that given the 3 phases of the SPIT cycle (gathering URI addresses, establishing a session, and delivery of the message [2]), most of the current SPIT countermeasures are done only during the phase when SPITters attempt to establish communication session with their intended victims. Come to think of it, the initial phase of gathering URIs is crucial because without the phone addresses, SPIT can not be sent to a target. If there is a way to protect the VoIP proxy servers from scanners, it may help limit SPIT to a manageable level .

The greater question for me is will VoIP ever be made safe or impervious to attacks or misuse?
I don't think so, for however man strive to improve technology, there will always be talented people who will be drawn to the dark side of technology, always looking for weaknesses to exploit, always looking for ways to misuse technology.

Philosophically, the paper only underscores the dialectical nature of technology. It will always have a Yin and a Yang. This should not mean that man shrink from the pursuit of innovation, rather it emphasizes the point that the struggle of change and the ascending spiral of creation and destruction will be as eternal as the struggle between good and evil.


References

[1] Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org

[2] Dr. A. Schmidt, N. Kuntze, R. El Khayari. Spam over Internet Telephony and How to Deal with It, 2008, http://arxiv.org

[3] J. Higdon. The Top 5 VoIP Security Threats in 2008, Jan. 24, 2008. VOIP-News


Report No. 2

GAME THEORY AND POLITICAL REALITY

The paper, "The Israel-Palestine Question- A Case For Application of Neutrosophic Game Theory" by Dr. S. Bhattacharya, Dr. F. Smarandache, and Dr. M. Khosnevisan [1] proposes the application of a particular kind of game theory to a specific political/social situation. I always considered political and social situations as complex, dynamic, and, in the long term, unpredictable. But this paper is a revelation that social complexity can be described and analyzed using mathematical tools.

Game theory, as defined in Wikipedia [2], is a branch of applied mathematics which tries to describe behavior in important situations wherein an individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of other individuals. Game theory is applied to the social sciences, including computer science and political science. In political science, Game Theory is used to identify the choices available to each party and to evaluate what each of them is trying to achieve. In short, Game Theory is used to simplify a complex and dynamic political situation so that it can be fully understood.

The paper [1] argues that the normal form game( a zero sum game) applied by Plessner [3] is inadequate because it lends to static and well defined variables. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on the other hand, is characterized by changing strategies and ambiguities at particular points in time. At one particular point, the players are playing a cooperative game and a non-cooperative game. When Israeli and Palestinian authorities commit and support their peace agreements, they are playing a cooperative game. When Israeli forces unilaterally attack Gaza with tanks and Hamas paramilitaries fire rockets at Jewish civilian settlements, they are playing non-cooperative games. The authors propose that a neusotrophic game theory is better equipped to study these class of dynamic situations.

Wikipedia defines a zero sum game as a theory where in all contending parties do not really gain anything at the end of the game. The gain and losses of one player is offset by the gains and losses of other players. When the total gains are added with the total losses, the sum is zero. This could describe a scenario were particular parties may gain certain successes and concede certain losses but in the end everyone wins, nobody really has a grater advantage over the other. A neutrosophic game is similar to the zero sum game in the sense that it seeks a win-win solution to contentions. The only difference is that it has a component to address the changes and ambiguities that may be present to a situation, like what calculus is to algebra. The paper [1] defines Neusotrophy as a new branch of philosophy which studies neutralities and their interaction with various types of social ideas or ideologies.

Come to think of it, mathematics is always great at describing patterns, like geometric patterns. Man may be complex and unpredictable as an individual, but as a collective mass or as a social group, humans exhibit patterns of social behaviour which may be described by game theory.

References:

[1] S. Bhattacharya, F. Smarandache, M. Khosnevisan. "The Israel-Palestine Question - A Case for Application of Neutrosophic Game Theory", Computational Modeling in Applied Problems: collected papers on econoetrics, operations research, game theory and simulation, pp. 50 - 60

[2] Wikipedia.org, http://www.wikipedia.org

[3] Plessner, Yakir. "The conflict Between Israel and the Palestinian: A Rational Analysis", Jerusalem Letters/Viewpoints, No. 448, 22 Shvat 5761, 15, February 2001


Report No. 3

A New Approach to Internet Route Simulation

A system simulation imitates the workings or operations of a real system so that it can be studied and improved upon. The paper "Describing and Simulating Internet Routes" by J. Leguay, T. Friedman, and K. Salamatian [1] adds a new approach to simulating Internet routes. The authors argue that the present models of Internet routes are still far from being a realistic representation of the actual system. They believe that their new model presents a closer representation of the statistical properties of the Internet.

According to the paper [1], there are three approaches to simulating routes: The first is the use of the shortest path model. A second approach is to explicitly model the actual network and separately simulate the public networks (WAN) and the intra network (LAN). The third approach is to use the actual route maps generated by network softwares like traceroute or skitter. The paper cites the study of Paxton [2] to show that actual network routing does not use really use the shortest path method most of the time. Another study [3] cited by the paper shows that routing policies at the autonomous systems level may have priorities other than the shortest path. The second approach is also limited by man's ability to obtain all the characteristics of the system, and that simulating inter and intra networks is, at best, a very difficult task. The third approach is also inapplicable if a large number of sources or nodes are to be simulated. As of now, the current tracing softwares can only employ a few hundred sources. For example, the skitter program can only map the route of thirty sources. Given the limitations of the three approaches, most prefer to use the shortest path model despite its limitations.

The new approach proposed by the paper [1] suggests using actual measured graphs of the network topology. Sources and destinations can be chosen at random. A model produces artificial routes that closely resemble statistically the actual routes. The two models tested are the random deviation model and the node degree model. According to the paper [2], the random deviation model is based on the notion that the router usually follows the shortest path method, but might at times deviate from it . The node degree model uses the node degrees from the source and destination to determine the shortest path.

Another contribution of the paper is an update of familiar statistical properties of actual routes which are the path length and hop direction. Path length is the sum of the paths from the source to the destination node. The proposed model aims to produce routes of the same length as the real routes Hop direction refers to the direction and distance taken by a packet as it travels from one router to another (hop). It may hop closer or farther from the source, but in general, the packet should increase the distance from the source and shorten the distance towards its destination.

Lastly, the paper introduces a new statistical property called the evolution of degree along the route. This refer to the probabilities of passing from a lower to a higher degree node or vice-versa as the packet passes to the next on the way to its destination. The evolution of degree and path length are utilized in the generation of artificial routes to produce a one that is closest to the real route that a packet actually goes through in the real network.

The paper impressed me by its methodology. In a situation where it is impossible to know the actual route that will be taken by packets in an a real network, the authors employ probability and statistics to predict the actual route thereby providing a better simulation of the system.

References:

[1] J. Leguay, T. Friedman, K. Salmatian. Describing and Simulating Internet Routes, 2004

[2] V. Paxton. "End-to-End Routing Behavior in the Internet", In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, 1996

[3] H. Tangmumarungkit, et al. " Network Topology generators: Degree-based vs. structural", In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, 2002

1st Report


Taxation of Electronic Commerce - April 2000
By Hal R. Varian1
Dean, School of Information Systems and Management
University of California at Berkeley


Taxation is the amount of money raised by collecting taxes and an amount levied as a tax on something. They would rather choose to buy online because there are no taxes paid when they tend to buy using the Internet or online buying. The state officials worry about the buying in the internet, they lost the state tax revenue. In 1998, the congress passed a law which entitled Internet Tax Freedom Act. In 1998 state taxes generated about $12 billion dollars, roughly 25% of state and local tax revenue. There are state that has no tax, the state that have no tax are the Alaska, Delaware, New Hampshire, Montana, and Oregon, all of this state is about 3% of the total population of United State. About 60% of the state tax revenue if from the consumers while the 40% of the tax revenue is from the business sector. The economist argue about the taxing of business purchase because the business sector gives the tax to the consumers which is not right, since the consumer is the one who pay for their taxes by making their items more higher price. Suppose that firm A sells a product to firm B for $1 plus a 5 percent sales tax. Firm B then sells the same product to a consumer for $2 plus another 5 percent sales tax. If these taxes are fully passed along to the consumer, he or she ends up paying 15 cents tax on a $2 purchase. The increase in the final tax paid by the consumer due to the taxation of business inputs is known as "pyramiding" or "cascading." This pyramiding of taxes will cause consumers to consume less of the good than they would have otherwise and may cause firms to change their behavior simply to reduce their tax burden. Senator John McCain has introduced the Senate Bill 16111, which talks about the scope of the internet. Since the business or the commerce is global, the internet is one of the most convenient way to buy or sale a product because with the internet you can buy or sale a product anywhere you want. For me the internet is one of the effective way on making a business.


REFERENCE:

http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/etax.html



2nd Report

THE ECONOMICS OF INTERNET SEARCH
Hal R. Varian
University of California at Berkeley

Search engines is the most widely used in the internet, 86% of the internet users uses search engine. The search engine, the main function of this is to search for something that users want to find, but that’s not all according to them that search engines is highly profitable. Search engines are accepting advertisement which gives them a money since the advertising company is using the website of the search engine. Example of the search engine are yahoo, google and MSN. The search engine is a two sided-matching, one side is for searching information’s that user need while the other side of the web is for advertising. Brin and Page started Google they have no intention to make it a business. At one point they offered to sell the Pagerank algorithm they use to Yahoo for $ 1 million. The company in Pasadema named Goto.com was starting to auction off Search results. When the Goto.com launch the auctioning search result, the said program was not working well. They made a new business which they auctioned off advertisements to accompany. At that time also they change their name to Overture. The Google get some idea to Goto.com but they improve the program that Goto.com made. The Google Ad auction is the largest electronic auction in the entire world. So the ranking used by Google and Yahoo was based not only in the bids but also the Ad quality. In this I making my conclusion that the search engines are a two sided, one side is for making money and the other side giving information, for me it is very good kind idea. You can help to the people by giving the information they need at the same time you earn money.


REFERENCE:


http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/2007/costa-lecture.pdf



3rd Report


EFFECT OF THE INTERNET ON FINANCIAL MARKETS
Hal R. Varian
School of Information Management and Systems
University of California, Berkeley
September 1998


In the first part of this scientific paper is all about the retail transactions in financial services. The stock market trading is one of the killer apps of the Internet. The three kinds of brokers where broker E - Trade (Electronic Trading), second is the full service brokers and the last one is the discount brokerages. The full service broker can one trade 1-2 times per year, while the discount broker can deal 4-6 times a year, while the electronic trade broker or using the internet in trading deals 25 trades a year. Mortgage refinancing has benefited by the advances if information technology or the Internet. By using the internet the transaction cost will be lessen because borrowers can easily pay or fill-up forms online and the processing is automated. The big companies and the investors will invest or trade through internet because wherever you are you can use the internet in monitoring your business. The goal of this paper is to know what will happen if the cyber markets will occur in the financial markets. The first cyber market in the internet was the Iowa Presidential Market. There are many exotic markets, one of them is the Robin Hanson’s Idea Futures page. This kind of market is about giving a question ahead from the actual event. Wall Street is securitizing virtually everything that produces a predictable stream of cash. Typhoon insurance. Tax liens. Loans for used cars and fraternity houses. Fax machine leases. Mutual-fund fees. Electronic agents for trading will likely be widely used. This is unlikely to cause a problem unless there is significant specialization on one type of trading agent. Electronic markets should aim for transparency in transactions, which is one of the best defenses against instability.

References


http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/brookings-paper.pdf

Computer Radiation
By Danielle Barone

Computer Radiation is not very talked about in a world of computer and not been serious about the bad effects will give to us. That the only thing we know it’s just part of the computer when were using. But the truth is according by the Family Health Site, long-term exposure to radiation can increase to risk of miscarriage, headaches, insomia, anxiety, aging of the skin and skin burn.
Eventhough we could not avoid the bad effects because that’s the computer is, and the only thing to do to decrease the computer radiation is by using radiation filter and place the CPU far away to your body. This simple tips can decrease the risk.

Reference:
http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art49755.asp


Computer Virus Threats
By J. Walker

Computer Virus today are increasing rapidly and beginning to become destructive not only in your attention but also all the function on a computer. That every day there are new virus are come up with a new style of destruction. That it can be attached to our e-mail, embed to our mp3 song that we download or just appear everytime we surfing through internet. And because of this many people are quickly to panic everytime their computer had a virus.
But this kind of threats is only just simple. The only thing to do, to prevent the virus is just to Install a virus protection programs but you must update it regularly so that your anti-virus can performed overall to scan, heal and delete the infected files.

Reference:
http://www.gnc-web-creations.com/virus-threats.htm

How Video Games Affect Health
By Damien D

Video games is one of the reason that a child been addicted. And because of this addiction there are positive and negative effect or happen will give to their health in playing video games. Study shows that the positive effect will a child get is his/her mental faculties will improve by functioning his/her both eyes and hands are synchronize because of the game play especially the strategy and puzzle games. And in negative effect the following illness the child get are the balance of time in eating because the thing they do is play and they only eat some modified drinks and junk foods. That is why many children are become obese because of poor in exercise and nutricious foods. But the most dangerous effect a child get in always playing video games is they will be a chance to have a hallucinations or hearth and muscle problems in the future.

Reference:
http://www.gameinnovator.com/health.php

The Promise of Information Technology in the Travel Industry
Authors: Brenda L. Dietrich, Jane L. Snowdon and Joann B. Washam
http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/Home

This research aims to reveal the responsibility of information technology in helping the travel industry survive in the midst of increasing global forces. With these global forces, companies in the industry have been driven to change and adapt quickly to remain competitive. Furthermore, the study cited three applications that will transform the travel industry and these are: network computing, combination of electronic ticketing and smart cards, and corporate travel management. The study also showed how information technology would make a better difference in the said industry. It proved how people’s lifestyle (travelers) would change when they adapt to the new world driven by information technology.

Indeed, IT has made travel-related transactions convenient, less time-consuming, and easy to access. On matters of business, IT has help companies reduce their production cost while boosting productivity. With travel industry, IT will make them almost invincible to market pressures such as increasing demands and inflation. At the same time, they will be able to improve their service towards consumers.


Dynamic Outsourcing of Services
Author: Michael Strobel
http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/Home

This research intends to identify the requirements for dynamic outsourcing of services in an electronic market. The concept involves the two enablers for dynamic outsourcing, interoperability and automation. Electronic market, not limited to national or geographical boundaries, can be used to increase the efficiency of market coordination for services. Unlike traditional outsourcing, dynamic outsourcing involves a set of provider organizations competing in an e-market. At the time of service request, consumer organization chooses one provider among the set which will perform the service. The author cited three frameworks for interoperability standards. These are the eCO, E-Speak and BizTalk. The study shows that dynamic outsourcing process is not economically feasible due to the immature state of interoperability.

Generally in the acquisition of services, consumers would look for the best offer among others. This is why clients do not rely only on one provider. They tend to seek and gather different sources for them to compare and choose. This scenario also happens in an electronic market. However, online customers are left with a single choice of provider. But with the dynamic outsourcing of services, a set of provider organization will be involved. Service offers and prices coming from these organizations are ought to impress the client. After a series of comparison, clients will now choose the best. For this reason, dynamic outsourcing of services is very promising in an electronic market. I hope that further research by the authors would make this possible in the years to come.

Automated Performance Problem Determination by Observing Service Demand
Authors: Sei Kato, Tashiyuki Yamane and Takahide Noagayama
http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/Home

The research aims to develop a new approach to detect and determine performance problem in a distributed computing system. Current IT systems are composed of heterogeneous components:

• Network devices from multiple vendors
• Multiple operating systems
• Various vendor middleware
• Composite application software

Performance varies with individual user request since these systems are frequently accessed by general public. This makes detecting and identifying of performance problems difficult and time-consuming for distributed computing systems.

Observing the values of service demand as a way to detect and determine performance problems was proposed in this study. The authors conducted tests in two environments: test environment and production environment. An automated performance problem determination system was developed by researchers in which machines were localized with a performance problem by capturing the network data which flows through the target distributed computing system.

The research papers being referred to can be found in these links:

https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/researchpapers/library/rp1457R.pdf

https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/researchpapers/library/rp1549.pdf

https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/researchpapers/library/rp1611.pdf

1. Blueprint for a Computer Immune System

by Jeffrey O. Kephart, Gregory B. Sorkin, Morton Swimmer, and Steve R. White
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
P.O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598

Its a fact, that no matter what we do, our computer will never become a virus-free computer especially
when it has an internet connection. Because even if we have an updated anti-virus, the viruses
aslo has its updates. Even if some anti-virus companies offers automatic updates on their products,
updating our anti-virus requires a lot of time and sometimes money.

This study discussed the possible way on dealing with this threat by developing
an immune system for computers that senses the presence of a previously unknown pathogen,
and within minutes automatically derives and deploys a prescription for detecting and removing
it.

By reading the study, I can say that having this idea is a big help not only for the computer
users, but also for the anti-virus companies because it saves them time in making their updates
when ever they detected a new strain of virus. But there's a question i wanted to ask.
If this immune system would exist, what would be now the purpose of some anti-virus companies?
If our anti-virus now has its mind of his own to decide how it can destroy the virus, will there
also come a time that the viruses will also have that kind of capability?

Reference link:
http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/Kephart/VB97/index.html


2. A Computer-Mediated Scientific Writing Program

Roy Bowers
Center for Biological Research
La Paz, Mexico
<rbowers@cibnor.conacyt.mx>


Computer-Mediated Scientific Writing Program is a program composed of people who accepts manuscripts and works, and corrects errors. Since not all people masters English which the central language of people all over the world, this people took advantage of that weakness and made use of their learning and knowledge. As expected, it boomed because of its usefulness especially to the scientists of CIB, since they are from a country not using English as their language. CIB found a simple way to correct glitches of their works and make it comprehensible and more concise sentences.

Of course, this is a very beneficial program because it is helpful not only to the CIB group but also to other researchers, scientists, teachers, students and to all the people in the world. It makes the paper work easy to do, globally competitive because it has no spelling or grammatical errors, and it is not shameful to post in the internet or publish because your paper work will surely have the most concise and errorless sentences.
This has also been a very good idea, imagine you are earning money while just sitting and also learning and having fun on the job you are doing. This is not a bad idea after all because they are just going to invest their time and knowledge. Both are benefited, the correctors and the clients who wants their work will be corrected. This is how Information Technology works, very helpful and beneficial.

Reference link:
http://tesl-ej.org/ej03/a3.html

3. A Neural Network Model for Classifying Duck Eggs Using Computer Vision

A.L. Zarsuela and J.P. PABICO. 7th ISSAAS (International Society for Southeast
Asian Agricultural Sciences) Philippine National Convention and Annual Meeting, SEARCA, College, Laguna, 25-26 October 2007.
Best Scientific Paper Award in the Livestock and Feeds Theme

Computers are not only use in Information and Communications Technology, it is also used in the agriculture/poultry businesses.

Balut preparation is not an easy thing to do, there are so many processes and things to undergo. Not all the duck eggs are expected to be accepted, some might encounter breakage or rejected because errors in the preparation are unavoidable. There are so many factors why glitches are happening, one factor is the person preparing it himself. Since the preparation is not that fun, he/she might feel bored or tired.
Experts used red, green and blue (RGB) spectral pattern of digital images that will determine if the eggs are rejects or accepted. This plays a very important role because it lessens waste of time and producers and sellers will avoid encountering loss if they have balut business..

Reference link:
http://www.ics.uplb.edu.ph/node/254

Comparing Java and .NET Security: Lessons Learned and Missed
Nathanael Paul David Evans
University of Virginia
Department of Computer Science
[nate, evans]@cs.virginia.edu

The study done by Paul and Evans examined the two of the well known platforms that uses virtual machine. According to the authors, virtual machines enable the platform to run un-trusted programs under a restricted area. This functionality added a big point in the field of security for the platforms. The platforms that were compared on their study were the Java and .NET. As to the result of their comparison, based on the vulnerabilities and limitations found on each of the platform’s security, the Java virtual machine was over throne by the CLR of .NET platform. According to the authors, the sharpness of security of .NET was because of using the Java mistakes as their basis for development and improvement for .NET and the usage of different security architecture.
Reflecting to the study conducted by Paul and Evans and looking at the graphical representations on their study, the .NET really has the edge over Java. There are many holes in Java which were patched in .NET. This only shows that there is really a big gap between the architectures of the two platforms in implementing their security. Eventhough the both share the same goal, there is really that difference and there is also a platform that will outdo one platform.
But if you’ll examine it carefully, what’s the edge of Java when compared with .NET when .NET itself based its security improvements to the mistakes of Java security? Aside from that, they have a very different structure. Also looking at the Java platform, and to its developers, why would they let these vulnerabilities?
Since the field of security is very crucial for such platforms, innovations and improvements related to this field is a never ending road, for there is really no such thing as secure.

SOurce: www.cs.virginia.edu/~nrp3d/papers/computers_and_security-net-java.pdf

Security in the Microsoft® .NET Framework
Analysis by Foundstone, Inc. and CORE Security Technologies

In this paper, the security aspect of the .NET Framework of Microsoft is analyzed by Foundstone, Inc. and CORE Security Technologies. According to them, the .NET security, if it will be used properly, can provide its practitioners and end-users a secure application from attacks now and in the future. They based their conclusion to the wonderful features that they encounter during the study.
Even though the paper is very technical, this will serve as a very good basis for the succeeding developers for them to develop a more advance and secure versions of the Framework. As to the application developers and administrators, this paper serves can serves as their guide in improving the way the manage applications under such framework to further improve or strengthen their established security.
Even with the many importance of this paper, there are just some points that are a bit surprising to see. Like the statement saying that in there is an assurance with regards to the resistance to common attacks now and in the future. It’s a bit surprising to see that because there are also some writers saying that there is no such thing as secure. Maybe for now, but as to the future, who knows? But if that is really correct, then that is a great lead to the security of the discussed framework.

source: www.coresecurity.com/files/attachments/FutoranskyOchoa_dotnet_2000.pdf

Which database is more secure? Oracle vs. Microsoft
David Litchfield

Since the paper done by Litchfield examines both of the securities of Oracle and Microsoft database servers. It also tackles or mainly based its comparison to the faults or holes of the two mentioned database servers. As to the result and conclusion of the author with the comparison he made, the Oracle emerge as the less serious contender.
The two mentioned database servers are among the acclaimed servers that are now present on the market. These servers are really maintained by its developers and every hole is patches as fast as they can. Since the MSSQL marks a lead over Oracle. Since the author based its results to the vulnerabilities found on both database servers, there may be a great justification. But as to the assessment of the overall paper, the conclusion may be true, but as to the present, maybe the vulnerabilities are now covered and fixed.

Source: www.databasesecurity.com/dbsec/comparison.pdf

REPORT I
Seldom it is that you can find in today’s era a person who is not oriented on technology. The scientific paper authored by Hal R. Varian entitled Economic Incentives in Software Design overall talk about software which is a basic part or plays an important role on the rapid growth and development of technology. A part of his paper talks and tackles about software, its user cost, market structure, its basic idea, and etc. On its user cost it merely talks about the large cost to the consumer of using it. He disseminated two types of cost, the fixed cost and the variable cost. In market structure he point out that the market for software is a bit different compared to other products. He said that there are compelling theoretical reasons to believe that the software market is unlikely to be a perfectly competitive market, due to the presence of increasing returns to scale. As a user of some software I agree with his idea of software making that it should have to be easy to learn and easy to operate.
Reference: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/Software.pdf
REPORT II
The article Research and Development Process authored by Flor Lacanilao tackles how important it is to have a good research in order to obtain good technology which is one of the problems in the Philippines. She exemplify that one way of generating good technology is to have good information that is why it is very necessary to research properly – including publication in adequately peer reviewed and accessible journals. A scientific paper does an important role in technology production. The author says that worse of it, some practice to use unpublished data for policy- making and development programs.
To comment on her paper, yes! Researches do play an important role on the growth, not just growth but development of technology for the mere fact that present researches and inventions refer to past studies.
Reference: http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=236

REPORT III
The scientific paper authored by Sorin Hermon entitled The Impact of Shared Information Technology on Archaeological Scientific Research maybe not that much in line with my interest as an information technology student because it merely more on indulge on archaeological studies but what really caught my attention to review this paper is on how magnificently, technology specifically the internet has been very useful on the success of this field (archaeology). Internet access to data is nowadays easily available using several software technologies. He added that one of the most promising aspects of internet use in archaeology is its capability of transmitting/transferring a large amount of data and make them available I several contexts.
Reference: ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/cris2000/docs/hermon_fulltext.pdf

Report 1:

CRYPTOGRAPHY IN COMPUTER SYSTEM SECURITY
Cryptography plays an important role on ensuring the security and reliability of modern computer systems. Since high speed and broad bandwidth have been becoming the keywords for modern computer systems, new cryptographic methods and tools must follow up in order to adapt to these new and emerging technologies.
In our fast-paced world, computer systems are becoming more and more advanced and has these both effects for the end-users. Confidentiality is that very important for some transactions being made electronically such as accounts in the bank, databases or even programs or e-mails in the web. Also the integrity is highly essential because it sets the data to not be corrupted or modified by the clients unless they have the authorization. Cryptology, or the science of coding and decoding secret messages is intended to protect the data from being disturbed or distorted by unauthorized beings.
As I have learned from my professor, some of the most advanced computer systems have these built-in programs that can now decipher the data stored which is pretty bad since it can cause the unreliability of data which is supposedly must not be the last resort of the clients. This is such a big, bad news to all computer users. It is therefore, important to develop more systems in coding and decoding messages to cope up with issues like these. On the other hand, advanced computer systems also means advanced features of it. But we must also bare in our minds to keep that balanced condition or equilibrium regarding this matter; to have a broad understanding about the positive and negative effects of computer systems, which must be answered or being backed-up by cryptography.

Reference: http://www.jucs_org/jucs_143


Report 2:

INTEGRATED MULTIMEDIA-BASED DISTANCE TEACHING OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

This paper discusses a general approach and architecture for a software system that supports the contextualization of learning resources by means of modular learning objects and applying semantic meta-data. They additionally describe the process of gathering information concerning the learning content by matching learner models against learning resources.
E-learning nowadays or learning through the aid of technology like computers, are very much appreciated and widely used by most of the learning institutions, companies and even business establishments. As I can say, E-learning is far off better than the traditional way of teaching—the use of boards and chalks. Through multimedia-based teaching system, students can easily participate in the class activity, since it uses technology, it can be understood that there is what we call multitasking in a way that students can pass, answer, submit or ask questions directly in the web without the teacher being burdened by all of these stuffs. All he has to do is just to check out on his e-mail and presto! All things are settled. This kind of learning is very beneficial but entails patience since there are other people who are not yet acquainted with technology especially those who were dependent on the traditional methods of learning. Yet, this strategy of teaching is highly interactive, and effective, I believe.

Reference: Andreas Schmidt and Claudia Winterhatter from FZI, Karlsrube (Germany)


Report 3:

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

This research paper aims to present on as to how knowledge would be sustained in an organization or company with the aid of Information Technology in a knowledge management view. One of the most important assets of organizations as it has been lately recognized is knowledge. Knowledge, as it has been believed by some managers, consultants, IT professionals and customers, is what makes organizations work. It is the invisible force that propels the most successful companies to stock market values gaining that good profits. This knowledge doesn't merely comes from the tangible assets like capital and equity but rather from the specific know-how of the company to produce future cash flows. The knowledge movement in organizational thinking is about refining rules used by investors into techniques and methodologies for the knowledge auditing of organizations. It has also proposed to put knowledge on the balance sheet in the form of intangible assets that account for organization's intellectual capital. According to Sveiby [1997], such intangibles include employees' competence; the internal structure of organizations, given by their patents; their own models, concepts and processes, their administrative system and IT infrastructure; their external structure, given by the relationships they have developed with customers and suppliers, their brand names, trademark, image and reputation.
As it has been distinguished by Nonaka and Takeuchi [1995], there is a distinction between “explicit” and “tacit” knowledge. Explicit knowledge is a formal knowledge that can be packaged as information and can be found in the documents of an organization while Tacit knowledge is a personal knowledge embedded in individual experience and is shared and exchanged through direct, eye-to-eye contact.
Although this research has not put a great emphasis on the importance of Information Technology in the organizations or companies, it would be certainly become useless if there is no proper management of knowledge. I believe that in order to succeed in this time, technology and right knowledge should join hand in hand. Without the help of each other, it would be difficult to develop the status of a certain organization.

Reference: http://www.jucs_org/

Research 1




Wikipedia[1] defines virtual reality (VR) as a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real or imagined one.





References:

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality
[2] http://www.icdvrat.reading.ac.uk/2004/papers/S02_N3_Sik_Lanyi_Laky_ICDVRAT2004.pdf



Research 2





Wikipedia[1] defines spamming as the abuse of electronic messaging systems to indiscriminately send unsolicited bulk messages.




References:

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming
[2]. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ie5/10445/33169/01562654.pdf
[3]. http://www.prismemail.com/abouteconomics.php



Research 3




According to wikipedia[1], blackholes in networking refer to places in the network where incoming traffic is silently discarded or dropped without informing the source that the data did not reached its intended recipient.




References:

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_%28networking%29
[2]. http://research.microsoft.com/netres/publications/infocom07-score.pdf

Economics of Information Technology

Hal R. Varian
University of California, Berkeley
July 2001
Revised: March 23, 20003
File:[url= http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/mattioli/mattioli.html]http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/mattioli/mattioli.html[/url]


Reflection:

The rise of Information Technology have been successful in the world's economy during the 1990's up until now. Technologies are rapidly booming throughout the world including the Internet, digital gadgets and the likes. These have been a very important part of an international development and progress.

Upon the study of Varian, he significantly gave importance on network and systems effect, personalization of products and prices, and economics of scale. Moreover, as in general terms, his research is about how IT have gave effect to modern economy. With his research paper, the value of IT in our international industry have been increasing continuously after each and every year since the boom of the world wide web or the Internet. Finally, he concluded that technologies vary in different aspects of the world's economy but nevertheless and undeniably that IT is our key factor for the worldwide progression in terms of the balance of Technology and Economics.

For his research, I highly agree upon his significant citing and studies about ITs stand in the economy. As of today (year 2008), IT is the major proponent of each industry throughout the globe. IT can be seen in department stores (POS system and automated machineries), groceries, government agencies, business firms and even in bakeries. IT is everywhere. It will bring us to infinite evolution.

Reference:
[1] http://people.ischoool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/papers.html

Economic Incentive in Software Design

Hal R. Varian
University of Michigan
March 1990
Current Version: June 15, 1993
File: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/Software.pdf


Reflection:

Software is an essential part of a computer system. According to Wikipedia.org, "Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system."

Varian stated that "The market for computer software is large and rapidly growing." Yes, this is really true nowadays. Thousands and thousands of new software are popping like mushrooms all over the world wide web. In Varian's study, he investigated a significant part of the software design economics.

Truly, software design is a conscious essential for software designers. It must touch key ares (as cited by Varian): User cost (how the software can be of ease with the use), market structure (how the software is concentrated and dense within the market), basic idea (simplicity and briefness), design of a word processor, monopoly provisions of quality, model, software that is too easy to learn and policy implications.

Reference:
[1] http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/papers.html
[2] http://wikepedia.org/

Information Technology and Administrative Reform: Will The Time After E-Government Be Different

August 2003
KENNETH L. KRAEMER
Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO)
Graduate School of Management and School of Information and Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
kkraemer@uci.edu
and
JOHN LESLIE KING
School of Information
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
jlking@umich.edu
File: www.crito.uci.edu/publications/pdf/egovernment.pdf

Reflection:

Government is the prime system in our community or nation. This is the that operates every function for the development of the country. In Wikipedia.org, A government is "the organization, that is the governing authority of a political unit,""the ruling power in a political society,"and the apparatus through which a governing body functions and exercises authority."

Inside the government offices, there are a lot of paper work and paper works which can be a small problem for the officials. Thus, as technology is booming the several government agencies shifted to automated systems which are easy to manipulate and to organize with. This can be a great help for the officials because it can make their works more easy and satisfiable.

In Kraemer and King's research paper, they stated "Much of the literature on information technology as instruments of administrative reform claims that IT has the potential for dramatically changing organizations." It is obviously true with our government today. Much you can see that IT have made a difference and change as its arrival a few years ago.

Reference:
[1] http://www.crito.uci.edu/
[2] http://wikepedia.org/

eSTUDY – eLearning in studies: How do students evaluate and use eLearning?

“The research-project eSTUDY – eLearning in studies: How do students evaluate and useeLearning? was conducted by the working group of educational psychology at the Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz on behalf of the bm:bwk. It was examined for the field of higher education how students use and assess eLearning in comparison to classroom teaching and what influence individual and institutional respectively organizational framework requirements have on the evaluation and use of eLearning.”

-BMBWK-51.700/0075-VII/10/2005

The paper resulted of having both classroom and media based teaching have their own advantages as I also would give my evaluation to such discussion. E Learning is advantageous in same cases such as time and effort reduction which would be present to students residing in far places. Classroom teaching also gives a more clear and physical instruction which allows students to develop and practice their social interactive ness to their lecturer and classmates personally. As what we are doing now in most of our subjects, we have joint both and it work very satisfyingly.


Ref link http://www.e-science.at/dokumente/eSTUDY_Summary.pdf

Students’ Choice of Information Technology Majors and Careers: A Qualitative Study

“Researchers conducted focus group interviews with 54 undergraduate university students majoring in computer science (CS), computer engineering (CE), and information technology and informatics (ITI) to determine why students choose a particular information technology (IT) related major and an IT career. Results suggest that students in the study who chose IT majors and careers were influenced by positive experiences in high school, interest in computing, an aptitude for math and physics, perceived job prestige, the expectation of a good salary, the encouragement of family members, and the influence of a key individual such as a teacher or work supervisor”

Nowadays, many students are into studying in computer related course which is primarily caused by the advancements in the computing industry which is much needed in employment matter. To think it more deeply, as I too questioned myself, why I chose to pursue this course? I would say that it is because of my interest to know more the information about these technologies I am enjoying. I see more than just computers, but skills which are very important like logical thinking, interpersonal and intrapersonal interactions. It is more about love of what I am doing that gives me motivation.

Ref Link http://www.osra.org/itlpj/mcinerneydidonatogiagnacovaodonnellfall2006.pdf.


Progress and Trends in Ink-jet Printing Technology


“This paper provides a brief review of the various paths undertaken in the development of ink-jet printing. Highlights of recent progress and trends in this technology are discussed. The technologies embedded in the latest ink-jet products from current industry leaders in both thermal and piezoelectric drop-on-demand ink-jet methods are also described. Finally, this article presents a list of the potential ink-jet technology applications that have emerged in the past few years”
-Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 42: 49–62 (1998)


These days, Ink Jet printers have boost up its sale in the market. Its rate has increased in a remarkable way generating a competition with the existence of laser printers. Because of the competition, there is a burst through of ideas about the enhancements of the product. The capability of the printing technology of the inkjets becomes more reliable. Having close to the printing output to laser printers yet cost low, preference by the users in the office, home and printing business is in great percentage. With this, I see the struggle in marketing of laser printers.


Ref link https://www.imaging.org/resources/web_tutorials/inkjet.cfm


--------------------------

mark ten twenty seven

--------------------------

Research 1:

"Survivability: Protecting Your Critical Systems"

internet is very common nowadays. most companies prefer having there system on the internet than having it on desktops. the paper states that a system is prone to attacks because internet has no central administrative control. unauthorized persons could access a company's system because of this problem. therefore, systems on the internet should be strong enough to stand or surive from attacks. the study is a warning for companies to set their systems secure.

reference:
http://www.cert.org/archive/html/protect-critical-systems.html
Authors:
Robert J. Ellison
David A. Fisher
Richard C. Linger
Howard F. Lipson
Thomas A. Longstaff
Nancy R. Mead
CERT® Coordination Center
Software Engineering Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
© Copyright 1999 by IEEE


Research 2:

"Emergent Algorithms: A New Method for Enhancing Survivability in Unbounded Systems"

algorithm is a step-by-step process to solve a problem. old algorithms could not ensure the security of the unbounded system. it is because hackers and intruders are more knowledgeable nowadays. they find ways to destroy or break into system for their personal reasons. hence, new algorithms are emerging to improve the security of the unbounded system. this paper shows us new algorithms to help maintain our systems. this paper is more on computational way of representing algorithms to help prevent intrusions.

reference:
http://www.cert.org/archive/html/emergent-algor.html
David A. Fisher and Howard F. Lipson
Email: dfisher@cert.org and hfl@cert.org
CERT® Coordination Center
Software Engineering Institute
© Copyright 1999 by IEEE

Research 3:

"Improving Web Usability Through Visualization"

this research states that websites should be user-friendly. i agree with the author, sites should have good GUI for the user. it helps the user to browse or search the site easily with ease. sites should not only be based on its functionality but also for its interface. users' likes should be also considered. through visualization, a site could be determined if it is visited frequently or its traffic. it is just like a food even how delicious it is, it won't be eaten if it is not presented beautifully.

reference:
http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2002-ieee-ic/2002-02-final-w2chi.lo.pdf

Reference: http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewFile/234/188







reference: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0806/0806.1610v1.pdf







reference: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0806/0806.1543v1.pdf

Effect of the Internet on Financial Markets

References:

http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/brookings-paper.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

Machine-Assisted Election Auditing

An election play an important role in the government since this is the way people chooses the persons who will lead the country. Since many of us know how in our government make the election procedure. This machine-assisted election auditing helps to easily count the votes of the people in minimum span of time. It is wonderful if our government adopt this machine since this machine helps the Comelec to lessen the money paid for the election officers. And lessen the “agawan ng balota” here in the Philippines; also monitors and broadcast the votes of the people easily. And minimize the “dayaan”.


References:

http://itpolicy.princeton.edu/voting/audit07full.pdf

The Demand for Bandwidth

According to the wikipedia free encyclopedia that bandwidth it mostly refers as a bit rate measured in bits and example of it is the network throughput which is the connection of data rate which is also according to Hartley’s law. As we all know that the internet is widely used in our world today for ordinary users they just want to chat and do researches through net they don’t even know what the bandwidth is. But for us as an advance user bandwidth really matters a lot because this states how fast connection of our computer to the net.

References:
http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/wtp/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29